Key Takeaways
- Financial risk refers to the possibility of a business losing money.
- Financial risks cover a wide range of situations including market instability, credit risk, financial obligations and interest rate rises.
- Financial risk management involves creating strategies to identify and assess risk.
- Risk management is a continuous process.
Definition of financial risks
The term “financial risk” refers to the probability of a business losing money or failing to meet financial expectations, due to a range of several factors.Risk is an inherent part of business, as investments, markets, and economic changes can never be predicted with certainty.
Knowing how to identify, assess and manage financial risk is the cornerstone of good business practice and can help protect your company.
Types of financial risks
Several types of financial risk should be taken into consideration when embarking on a new business venture or investment. They can be broken down into five main groups.
Market risk
Any company can be affected, negatively or positively, by changes in the market. Unpredictable changes can result in market risks such as interest rate hikes and movements in stock prices which can have a trickle-down effect on small- and medium-sized businesses.
One of the most widespread tools used in market risk measurement is value at risk (VaR), which enables firms to understand their overall risks and allocate capital more efficiently across various business operations.
Credit risk
Any business that extends credit to its customers takes on the risk of the credit not being repaid. Much as banks or other investors extend loans to borrowers, credit risk also applies to customer transactions on credit.
The negative consequences of extending credit can impact cash flow and may require additional resources being invested to recover the debt.
Operational risk
Operational risks refer to the potential consequences of operational failures or discrepancies. This includes risks such as mismanagement, fraud, data protection failures, security issues, and technical failures.
Comprehensive internal procedures, including health and safety, audits, and fiscal management, are the cornerstone of good operational risk management.
Liquidity risk
There are two main types of liquidity risk which can affect a business, market liquidity risk and cash flow liquidity risk.
Market liquidity risk is when a business is unable to complete its transactions due to low demand and high supply in the market. Cash flow liquidity risk is when a business cannot turn its assets into cash quickly enough to cover its debts.
Reputational risk
A company’s reputation can be negatively affected by ethical violations, safety or security issues, sustainability concerns and unethical practices.
Once a company’s reputation is damaged, this can have a knock-on effect on its sales, capital, and market share. It can be measured in lost revenue, increased costs, and a drop in shareholder value.
Risk identification and assessment
Good financial risk management means being able to identify risks and assess their scale to take appropriate measures to avoid or mitigate them.
Risk analysis
Before taking any business decision, it is important to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the associated financial risks. Risks may be internal to the organization, such as the risk of health and safety violations or fraud, or external to the business such as market risks, credit risks, changes in regulations and even natural disasters.
Risk mapping
Risk mapping is one way of representing financial risks to establish appropriate risk avoidance and mitigation measures.
Often a risk map takes the form of a two-dimensional matrix representing the impact of the risk and the likelihood of the risk, respectively. A color-coded scheme may be used to illustrate the significance of each risk.
A very simple risk map might look as follows:
Risk maps vary from business to business. The risk of a cybersecurity attack might be catastrophic, for example, to a data management company storing highly sensitive data. The same risk may be not only unlikely but also insignificant for a different company operating largely off-line and storing no confidential data.
Quantitative vs qualitative assessment
Once risks have been identified and mapped, they need to be assessed. Risks can be assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively.
A qualitative risk analysis is based on the perception of risk and usually takes the form of a descriptive analysis, using terms such as “low” or “unlikely.”
A qualitative assessment is based on data which has been established and verified over time. Qualitative risk assessments may involve percentages or probabilities.
Consequences of uncontrolled financial risks
The findings from risk identification and assessment should feed into a risk control strategy. Failing to assess and mitigate risk can result in financial losses and business instability. While a certain level of risk is inherent in any business transaction, taking uncontrolled or unassessed risks is a dangerous strategy.
Proactive risk control, involving risk assessment, avoidance, and reduction, can create a less risky situation and help protect your business.
Risk mitigation and control
Although risk is an essential part of business, and can lead to opportunities for growth and investment, it is essential to adopt procedures to mitigate and control these risks where possible. Different strategies are possible to avoid, reduce, transfer, retain, and monitor risk and a company may choose to implement one or more of these strategies concurrently. Indeed, a diverse risk management profile may be advantageous.
Strategy 1: Risk avoidance
The first step is to take measures to avoid the risk altogether. This means eliminating any possibility of the risk becoming a reality. For example, a company may decide to stick with a tried-and-tested supplier rather than taking a risk on a new start-up.
Strategy 2: Risk reduction
The second step is to reduce the risk. Measures such as introducing health and safety training for employees working with potentially dangerous equipment can reduce the risk of workplace accidents.
Strategy 3: Risk transfer
Risk transfer measures take an identified risk and transfer it to a third party. Examples of risk transfer strategies include taking out insurance policies against identified risks, where the risk passes from the business to the insurer in exchange for a fee, and factoring arrangements, where a business sells its accounts receivable to a factor.
Strategy 4: Risk retention
Risk retention is a strategy which involves a company absorbing the cost of a risk rather than passing it onto a third party. If a company assesses a specific risk as being not particularly significant, it may decide that it makes more financial sense to absorb the risk (i.e., cover the costs from their own budget) than to pay a third party to insure against it.
For example, if a small business assesses the risk of vandalism to its premises is relatively low, it may decide to pay for any damage to its cash flow rather than insuring against the risk.
Strategy 5: Monitoring
Once risks have been assessed and mitigation and control measures have been taken, there is an ongoing need to conduct monitoring. New risks may develop, old ones may become obsolete, and it is important to be aware of and to adjust your risk management policy appropriately.
Regulatory and compliance measures
Governments and financial institutions can issue regulatory and compliance measures to promote stability, ensure that financial risks are controlled, and prevent excessive risk-taking in the market.
For example, in the banking industry, the Basel III regulation was implemented in 2009 to promote stability in the banking sector, requiring banks to keep certain levels of reserve capital available.
Conclusion
Financial risk is inherent in any business activity and although it can lead to opportunities for growth and development, it can also have detrimental or even catastrophic consequences when poorly managed.
An effective risk management strategy includes identifying, assessing, mitigating, controlling, and monitoring a wide range of risks.
Various methods are available to create and implement a solid financial risk management strategy and specialists are on hand to provide customized advice.
